AGAINST ALL ODDS: Inside Statistics
The original series was initially available
in VHS format, and the VHS set was used in our early 607 courses.
JH still has that VHS set, and also converted the programs to low-res
files, and (as technology progressed) put them onto (700 Meg) CDs, 5 programs per CD.
Later, as the internet developed, he put the low-res video files (.mov) on a private Website site,
intended only for McGill students.
To reach this site, look at the URL of the page
you are viewing at now, remove the underscores, and remove
the letters INDEX.html, i.e., the URL ending should have the form
/bios601/A******A**O***/
The new series,
produced in 2013, is available online at this link
https://www.learner.org/series/against-all-odds-inside-statistics/
It has been modernized, and each unit now comes with a Student
Guide, Learning Objectives, Learning Activities, Exercises,
a Faculty Guide, and Interactive Tools. In addition there is
a valuable Glossary where you can look up definitions
for key statistical terms.
A Time-Subject Index for
THE ORIGINAL SERIES
"AGAINST ALL ODDS: INSIDE STATISTICS"
Edward R. Mansfield
Box 870226, University of Alabama,
Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0226
8/10/95
KEY WORDS: Teaching, Multimedia, Visual aids.
Against All Odds: Inside Statistics is a collection of twenty-six half
hour outstanding video presentations that depict how statistics is used in society.
This outstanding series was produced under the guidance of Dr. David Moore of Purdue
University. The tapes are available from The Annenberg/CPB Collection, and are also
offered free to schools that adopt certain text books. Using short excepts from the
thirteen hours of video in the classroom can be a excellent way introduce students
of statistics to real problems. Contained in this paper is a detailed listing of
the real world setting, the specific statistical items discussed, and a time index
so that instructors can go directly to a desired story on a tape. As an example of
how to use a tape in class, consider showing students the data and graphs that were
used by engineers to determine if temperature was related to joint scaring for a
particular complicated machine. Then show a video of the result of what happened
when all the data were not considered: the space shuttle Challenger exploding! The
impact on the class can be quite dramatic.
Those segments of the series that I think can be used effectively in a classroom setting are highlighted. A H to H H H H rating is used. These are my ratings; yours will vary. The portions of the tapes in which Teresa Amabile, series hostess from Brandis University, teaches are generally not rated, since she is playing the role of the instructor, the task you will be performing in the classroom. Statistical terms are shown in bold type. The names of the experts used in the stories are given.
A VCR and a TV monitor are all that is needed. Knowing where specific segments
start and end is greatly enhanced if your VCR has a "real time" counter
as opposed to one that counts revolutions of the videocassette reel. Each tape in
the series contains two 30 minute programs. All times in this paper are measured
from the front of a tape, beginning at the first video signal on the tape.
This signal is always "1-800-LEARNER", the phone number for information
on the tape series. When this first appears, reset your VCR counter to "0:00".
The time corresponding to "END OF PROGRAM" indicates the point at which
the program credits start. Times on the left indicate the time index at which a segment
starts; the times given in brackets show the elapsed time for that particular segment.
Note, because of differences in the productions runs made for duplicating this series,
the "gap time" between the two programs on each tape may vary.
Your tapes may have different gap times than mine; if so, note the difference and
adjust all times on the even numbered programs accordingly.
I am not advocating showing any tape in its entirety as a substitute for live instruction. Because we feel that the tapes are valuable, we indicate on our course syllabi which programs correspond to the lectures. We then make all the tapes in the series available to our students in our video viewing center for "after hours viewing". Although we encourage students to watch the tapes, most do not.
Enjoy the series!
Overview of Stories
Details for each story are given in the next section
PROGRAM 1: What is Statistics?
4:48Domino's Pizza.H H H
Note: Each of the following stories in Program 1 is presented in more detail in later programs.
Describing Data
13:53Lighting strikes in Colorado. Histogram.
14:33Growth hormones; heights of children.
15:26Manatee deaths in Florida waters. Scatterplot.
16:05Baseball players' salaries. Correlation.
Producing Data
16:50Chesapeake Bay pollution.
17:54Aspirin and heart attacks.
18:44Frito-Lay Potato Chips. Sampling.
19:18Political Polls.
20:35The Space Shuttle Challenger.
Joint probability.
21:24Casino gambling.
Conclusion from Data
21:59Discrimination within the FBI.
23:13Duracell Batteries.
24:05Shakespearean poetry.
Salem Witch trials.
25:06Welfare in Baltimore.
27:06END OF PROGRAM.
Tape continues
PROGRAM 2: Picturing Distributions
31:58Charles Menard's 200 year old map/graph
33:55Lighting strikes in Colorado.
HistogramsH
H H
44:02Scheduling TV Programs.H H H
52:17Lowering health care costs.
histograms, stem and leaf plotsH /2
End of Tape
PROGRAM 3: Describing Distributions
3:30National salary & wage data.
5:55Wage inequities in ColoradoH
16:07Hot dogs' composition.H H
21:00Musical analysis of urine data.H H
Tape continues
PROGRAM 4: Normal Distributions
33:50Baby "bust" problem.H
37:40Aging of our population.H H H
46:07Boston Bean Stalk Social Club.H
50:38Baseball statistics. ".400" hitters?H H H
55:48Ty Cobb, Ted Williams, and George Brett batting averages.H H
End of Tape
PROGRAM 5: Normal Calculations
3:21Standardizing the normal distribution with heights of American women.
7:07GM Proving grounds.H
11:15Does a new model car meets emission standards? use only n=5 prototypes?
14:10Cholesterol values.H H
19:50Sizes of military uniforms.H H
22:46New army helmets
24:21Normal Quantile Plot.
Tape continues
PROGRAM 6: Time Series
32:17Driving times to work in a control chart.
34:50The body's internal clock. Time series.H /2
38:58National economic statistics.
Seasonal variation.
40:03Ozone levels in the atmosphere.
Seasonal var. and negative trend.H H
41:03Boston Marathon. running median
43:38Brain's reaction time.H
47:27Wall Street. Diversification reduces risk.
Do stock market exist?H H H
End of Tape
PROGRAM 7: Models for Growth
3:00Children growth rates. Sara height.
Alice in wonderland grows BIG,H H H
9:20Linear growth, residual patterns, Extrapolation problems.
14:00Gypsy moths and exponential growth.H H
20:17Cartoon: The price of a chess board?H H
23:30Crude oil production. Use of logarithm.
Tape continues
PROGRAM 8: Describing Relationships
32:25Manatees vs. motor boats in Florida. H H H
37:55Cavities vs. fluoride levels.
39:311970 Draft lottery. Median traceH H H
44:04Obesity: metabolic rate vs. lean body massH
End of Tape
PROGRAM 9: Correlation
1:36Taste of chocolate cake and price?
3:45Correlation illustrated with animated graphics.H H
5:42Identical twins raised apart.H H H
16:22Baseball players' salaries.H H
20:53Education in the 60's.
Coleman Report and Fred Mosteller,H
Tape continues
PROGRAM 10: Multi-dimensional Data Analysis
32:28Chesapeake Bay pollution.H H
45:07Chernof faces, "Trees" and "stars.
47:42Bell Core graphics. Speech synthesis, 3-D plots and higher, brushing. H H
End of Tape
PROGRAM 11: The Question of Causation
3:01Cartoon: Causation, Common response, and coincidence examples.H H H H
5:42Simpson's Paradox. "City University"
H H H H
11:50"Good" bad experiment with new borns.H H
12:47The Wynder-Graham study.
smoking causes cancer. H H H
Tape continues
PROGRAM 12: Experimental Design
32:46Observational study of lobsters.H
36:14The Physicians Health Study.
Aspirin and heart attacks?H H H H
43:39Is Ribavirin to good to be true? H H H
47:22Disposion of domestic violence.
Milwaukee, Wisconsin police dept.H
53:22A fictional experiment to illustrate bad experimental practices.H H H H
End of Tape
PROGRAM 13: Blocking and Sampling
1:39Dirty laundry, blocked and treated.
4:45The perfect strawberry. H
13:28Undercounting in the nationalH H H
19:45Shere Hite's Women and Love.
20:48Frito Lay potato chips. SamplingH H H H
Tape continues
PROGRAM 14: Samples and Surveys
32:03A stratified national sample. Nice graphics.
34:41A fish story.H
39:36Bad interviewer techniques.H H H
41:21National Opinion Research Center (NORC)
(A must see segment. )H H H H
50:30Sampling distributions: beads in a bowl.
Precision in estimation.H H H
End of Tape
PROGRAM 15: What is Probability
4:32Assessing probabilities of injury or death in everyday life. H
10:50A magician shows randomness.H
17:49Traffic control in New York City.
Simulation model.H
H
Tape continues
PROGRAM 16: Random Variables
33:36Cheating on an AP Calculus exam.H
34:33Space Shuttle Challenger.H H H H
43:02Points in a profession basketball game.
49:10Earthquakes in California.H
54:45Distribution of ice cubes used per drink.
End of Tape
PROGRAM 17: Binomial Distributions
3:46Boston Celtics Basketball. Free throws are independent in game situations.H H H
6:38Stocks and T-bills. Expected rate of returns.
9:45A finance class experiment.H H
16:23Binomial distribution.
17:22Sickle cell anemia.H
24:25Quincunx: Falling balls.H H
Tape continues
PROGRAM 18: The Sample Mean and
Control Charts
33:55Roulette.
35:04Interviews with gamblers.H H
40:44The casino always wins.H H H H
47:03Frito Lays Potato Chips.
Statistical Process ControlH H H
53:41Dr. W. Edwards Deming.H H H H
End of Tape
PROGRAM 19: Confidence Intervals
3:11Political Polls. Margin of errorH H
6:37Systolic blood pressure. Confidence interval.
11:35Duracell batteries.H H
18:25Rhesus monkeys in medical studies.H
21:21The feeding behavior of marmosets.
Tape continues
PROGRAM 20: Significance Tests
34:18Shakespearean Poetry.H H
49:06Discrimination within the FBI.H H H
End of Tape
PROGRAM 21: Inference for One Mean
3:03The t-distributions: 1908, the Guinness Brewery and William Gossett.
5:55The National Institute of Standards and Technology. H H
10:33CI for the mean of PCB concentrations
13:30NutraSweet, shelf life of a new cola.H H H
18:19Paired comparison test of sweetness of cola.
21:08Autism. H
Tape continues
PROGRAM 22: Comparing Two Means
33:32Welfare in Baltimore.H H
45:05Union Carbide product testing.H H H
51:00SAT Exams. Can "coaching" help?
55:40CI for the difference between the means.
H H H
End of Tape
PROGRAM 23: Inference For Proportions
3:03Measuring Unemployment Nationwide.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics.H
11:58Safety of City Water.H H H
20:15The Salem Witch Trials.
Tape continues
PROGRAM 24:Inference for Two-Way
Tables
34:11Ancient Man. Are Africanus and Robustus different?H H
43:30Breast Cancer. H H
52:02Mendal's Peas. H H
End of Tape
PROGRAM 25: Inference for Relationships
3:32Are galaxies speeding away from earth? Edwin Hubble's work.H H H H
8:05Regression using Hubbleís original data on 24 galaxies.
14:08Complications in the Hubble Constant. Rotating 3-D plot illustrates the "Swiss cheese concept" of universe.H H
Tape continues
PROGRAM 26: Case Study
35:49How the drug, AZT, was tested and got to market.
36:57Phase 1: Observation Study
39:22Phase 2, a double blind experiment
The Data Safety Monitoring Board
Confirming the data analysis.
51:30Getting AZT to patients. Statistical process control in manufacturing.
53:07A patient's perspective. H H H
Safety and efficiency of a new drug.
End of Tape
End of series.
Details of the Stories
qReset your VCR counter to 0:00 when the first signal appears on the tape. That signal will be "1-800-Learner".
qTimes in left margin = VCR counter times.
qTimes in brackets = elapsed times for that story segment.
PROGRAM 1: What is Statistics?
0:001-800-Learner,
(Reset your VCR counter to "ZERO" when this signal first appears.)
A listing of series contributors follows: Annenberg/C&B Project, Symbolics, among
others.
0:43Against All Odds logo.
(An animated, rotating scatterplot.
Each program begins with this.)
1:15Teresa Amabile, series hostess.
A study on creativity, designed to determine whether or not competitive rewards make
a difference, is used to give an overview of the statistical concerns in experimentation.
[ 0:32 ]
4:48STORY: Domino's Pizza.
A study is conducted to determine if deep pan pizza will be a successful new product
for their market. Sensory evaluations by professional tasters, consumer reactions,
advertising issues, and test marketing are illustrated.
Tom Monnahan, Chairman, Taylor Bond, Sales Info, and Margaret Olson-Cox, Marketing
Research Director present the company's concerns.
[ 7:24 ]H H H
12:12Teresa: How does Statistics fit into the decision process? [ 1:03 ]
13:15Three parts of the puzzle:
1. Describing data,
2. Producing data,
3. Conclusions from data.
Note: Each of the following stories in Program 1 is presented in more detail in later programs.
Describing Data
13:53STORY: Lighting strikes in Colorado.
A histogram of voluminous data on lightening strikes, illustrates when it is most
likely to strike. [ 0:40 ]
(See Program 7 for details).
14:33STORY: Growth hormones.
Charts of the heights of children can be used to determine if synthetic growth hormones
can increase the rate of a child's growth. [ 0:53 ]
(See Program 2 for details).
15:26STORY: Manatee deaths in Florida waters.
Comparing the number of motor boat registrations with number of manatee deaths in
a scatterplot indicated a clear positive relationship. Practices were implemented
that could help the survival of these water mammals.
(See Program 8 for details).
[ 0:39 ]
16:05STORY: Baseball players' salaries.
The number of home runs is positively correlated with a player's salary.
(See Program 9 for details).
[ 0:45 ]
Producing Data
16:50STORY: Chesapeake Bay pollution.
Experiments lead to results that will help clean up the bay. [ 1:04 ]
(See Program 10 for details).
17:54STORY: Aspirin and heart attacks.
Taking simple aspirin might help reduce the number of heart attack victims.
(See Program 12 for details).
[ 0:50 ]
18:44STORY: Frito-Lay Potato Chips.
Sampling is used at many stages of production to insure a high quality product.
[ 0:34 ]
(See Programs 13 and 18 for details).
19:18STORY: Political Polls.
Polls were used extensively in the 1988 presidential election to measure public opinion.
(See Program 19 for details).
[ 1:17 ]
20:35STORY: The Space Shuttle Challenger.
Although each o-ring joints had a high probability of working properly, the joint
probability that all six would work was much lower. [ 0:49 ]
(See Program 16 for details).
21:24STORY: Casino gambling.
Although individual bettors will have widely ranging results, the house does a profitable
business every day of the year. (See Program 18 for details).
[ 0:35 ]
Conclusion from Data
21:59STORY: Discrimination within the FBI. Minority agents were
not given opportunities for advancement.
(See Program 20 for details).
[ 1:14 ]
23:13STORY: Duracell Batteries.
How do they determine if their batteries really do have a longer life?
(See Program 19 for details).
[ 0:52 ]
24:05STORY: Shakespearean poetry.
Can statistics help determine if a newly found poem was actually written by Shakespeare?
(See Program 20 for details).
STORY: Salem Witch trials.
The accused witches and their accusers lived in different parts of Salem.
Was there political persecution?
(See Program 23 for details).
[ 1:01 ]
25:06STORY Welfare in Baltimore.
Can women participating in a special training program earn more money than women
in the existing program?
(See Program 22 for details).
[ 0:52 ]
25:58Teresa: Closing comments about the
big picture of Statistics.
27:06END OF PROGRAM.
Tape continues
PROGRAM 2: Picturing Distributions
31:26Against All Odds logo
31:58Teresa: Charles Menard's two hundred year old map/graph shows the decline in the size of Napoleon's army.
Lesson Objectives:
1. Histogram,
2. Shape of distribution,
3. Center and Spread,
4. Stem plot.
33:55STORY: Lighting strikes in Colorado.
Histograms are used to digest vast amounts of data to help determine when
and where lighting is more likely to strike. Raul Lopez, NOAA meteorologist.[ 2:31
]H H H
36:26Teresa: Mechanics of constructing a histogram.[ 2:11 ]
38:37Raul Lopez: Outliers helped to identify that "first flashes" tend to occur at irregular times due to the geologic structure of the area.[ 2:53 ]
41:30Teresa: Shapes of distributions and the location of the center.[ 2:32 ]
44:02STORY: Scheduling TV Programs.
A small independent TV station, WSBK, TV 38 Boston, uses statistics for "counter
programming", i.e. targeting the audiences that will not be attracted to the
major networks during a particular time slot.[ 4:36 ]H H H
48:38Teresa: Comparing histograms of the ages of TV viewers
can help to determine if a sitcom or action series is more likely to attract a certain
age group.
[ 1:43 ]H H
50:21Teresa: Important considerations in constructing histograms: equal width intervals and an appropriate number of classes.[ 1:56 ]
52:17STORY: Lowering health care costs.
Medical examples are used to illustrate histograms having different spreads,
and the construction of stem and leaf plots.
Peter Van Etten, New England Med. Center.[ 5:19 ]H /2
57:36END OF PROGRAM.
End of Tape
PROGRAM 3: Describing Distributions
0:001-800-Learner, Program tease, etc.
1:11Against All Odds logo.
1:43Teresa: Pay Inequities.
Lesson Objectives:
1. Mean & median,
2. Box Plots,
3. IQR & Std. Dev.
3:30Teresa: National salary & wage data.
Graphics used to compare mean & median. Why do salaries for men
and women differ?[ 2:25 ]
5:55STORY: Wage inequities.
Concerns in Colorado Springs over comparable pay for men and women in city government.
The mayor and city employees discuss the effects.
[ 5:29 ]H
11:24Teresa: Mechanics for calculating mean, median, and five
number summary.
[ 4:43 ]
16:07STORY: Hot dogs' composition.
How do you measure the calories in hot dogs? By measuring protein, fat, and water
content. Sidney Shifman,
Food Res. Labs.[ 2:11 ]H H
18:18Consumer Reports data used to
compare three types of hot dogs
by using Box Plots.[ 1:37 ]
19:55Teresa: Mechanics for calculating IQR.
[ 1:05 ]
21:00STORY: Musical analysis of urine data.
Urine data for a new born baby is set to music. If a particular metabolite value
is out of range, a bad note is played.
Prof. Charles Sweeley & Prof John F. Holland, Biochemists, Mich. St. Univ.
[ 3:57 ]H H
24:57Teresa: Mechanics for calculation of s.
26:58Summary: Pictures are important!
27:33END OF PROGRAM. Credits, Logos, etc.
Tape continues
PROGRAM 4: Normal Distributions
31:55Against All Odds logo.
32:22Teresa: Lesson Objectives:
1. Density Curves,
2. Normal Curves,
3. The 68 - 95 - 99.7 Rule,
4. Standardization.
33:50STORY: Baby "bust" problem.
Changes in age distributions over time spell trouble for the Social Security
System. Prof. William Hsiao,
Harvard School of Public Health.
[ 3:50 ]H
37:40Teresa: Aging of our population. Creating density curves for US. population for 1930 & 2075.[ 2:10 ]
39:50Location of median & mean on density
curves. (Good graphics.)
[ 2:10 ]H H H
42:00Examples of variables that may follow Normal Distributions found in Teresa's "home movies": children's heights, class arrival times, test scores, mpg & weight of cars, etc.[ 2:29 ]H
44:29Effect of changing m and s in the Normal Distribution.[ 1:38 ]
46:07STORY: Boston Bean Stalk Social Club.
A womanís height must be in the top 2 to 3% for membership.[ 2:11 ]H
48:18Teresa: Graphical explanation of the
68 - 95 - 99.7 rule.[ 2:20 ]
50:38STORY: Baseball statistics.
Where are the ".400" hitters today? The mean batting averages remain consistent
over time, m = .260; but
s is getting smaller. (Good
baseball clips).
Stephen Jay Gould, Ph.D., Harvard
[ 5:10 ]H H H
55:48Teresa: Standardizing the normal distributions using Ty Cobb, Ted Williams, and George Brett batting averages.[ 1:32 ]H H
57:20Teresa: Closing comments.
57:45END OF PROGRAM
End of Tape
PROGRAM 5: Normal Calculations
0:001-800-Learner.
1:11Against All Odds logo.
1:43Teresa: Sizes of clothes.
Lesson Objectives:
1. Relative Frequencies,
2. Percentile,
3. Quantile Plots.
3:21Teresa: Standardizing the normal distribution illustrated with heights of American women.[ 1:30 ]
4:51The standard normal table.
Finding probability from z.
7:07STORY: GM Proving grounds.
Tests for nitrous oxide emissions using a dynamometer. x= grams/mile. Percent of
new cars that fail must be less than 40%. Harold Haskew, GM Engineer and Tom Lorenzen,
GM Statistician.
[ 4:08 ]H
11:15Teresa: GM must decide if a new model car meets emission standards using only n=5 prototypes?[ 1:09 ]
12:24STORY continued: Actual test drives.
[ 1:21 ]
13:45Teresa: Calculating the area between two values of cholesterol. [ 0:25 ]
14:10STORY: Cholesterol values.
A campaign is targeted at the borderline risk group; those having readings of 200
to 250. How can these individuals reduce their heart attack risk?
William Castelli, MD. [ 4:07 ]H H
18:17Teresa: What percentage are in the borderline risk group for
cholesterol
if m = 213 and s = 48.4? [ 1:33 ]
19:50STORY: Sizes of military uniforms.
Anthropologists measured many characteristics of US soldiers in order to determine
the needed distribution of sizes for new uniforms and equipment.
Robert Walker & Bruce Bradtmiller, Anthropologists.[ 2:56 ]H H
22:46Teresa: Calculating sizes for new helmets. The normal table backwards. [ 1:35 ]
24:21Teresa: Normal Quantile Plot.
How do you determine if a population is normal?[ 2:09 ]
26:30Teresa: Closing Comments.
27:03END OF PROGRAM.
Tape continues
PROGRAM 6: Time Series (add 0:42)
30:20Against All Odds logo.
30:56Teresa: Lesson Objectives:
1. Cycles and Trends,
2. Seasonal Variation,
3. Smoothing Data,
4. Seeing Isn't Believing.
32:17Teresa: Driving times to work shown in a control chart.[ 2:33 ]
34:50STORY: The body's internal clock.
Comparing the body's cycle to the
day-night cycle using time series.
Charles Czeislser, MD, Brigham & Womenís Hosp.[ 2:22 ]H /2
37:12Teresa: Graphics illustrating cycles.
[ 0:51 ]
38:03The "light-dark" cycle. Bright light therapy.[ 0:55 ]
38:58Teresa: National economic statistics contain seasonal variation. [ 1:05 ]
40:03Teresa: Ozone levels in the atmosphere. Seasonal variation
and negative trend.
[ 1:00 ]H H
41:03Teresa: Boston Marathon.
Smoothing out cycles and trends using running median on winning times in the
Boston Marathon.[ 2:35 ]
43:38STORY: Brain's reaction time.
Measuring the time until a surprise reaction while a subject reads unusual sentences.
Gregory McCarthy, Ph.D. Psychologist.[ 2:19 ]H
45:57Teresa: A plot of means for several trials smoothes the data to show the estimated reaction time. [ 1:30 ]
47:27STORY: Wall Street.
Predictions on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange.
48:55Dr. Burton Malkeil, Yale:
Why diversification reduces risk.
50:10Teresa: Can cycles in the stock market be predicted? Peter Eliades answers "Yes."
51:51Dr. Burton Malkeil answers "No."
[ 7:29 ]H H H
54:56Teresa: How is a pattern discovered?
Does it repeat after we discover it?
[ 1:34 ]H
56:30END OF PROGRAM.
End of Tape
PROGRAM 7: Models for Growth
0:001-800-Learner, etc.
1:09Against All Odds logo
1:40Teresa: Flowers growing.
Lesson Objectives:
1. Linear Growth,
2. Exponential Growth,
3. Exponential Beats Linear Growth.
3:00STORY: Children growth rates.
Alice in wonderland grows BIG.
Growth hormones were used for five-year old Sara when her growth rate was
determined to be deficient.
Edward Reiter, MD, Bay State Med. Center.[ 4:57 ]H H H
7:5714-year old Jason has similar problem but with different results.
John Crigler, MD, Endocrinology Div. Childrenís Hospital.[ 1:23 ]
9:20Teresa: Linear growth defined.
Ticket sales for a movie. Eye-balling the slope. Residual patterns can suggest
curvature. Extrapolation problems.
[ 4:40 ]
14:00STORY: Gypsy moth infestations result from exponential
growth. Radiation of adult males may help to reduce the effects of the problem.
Chuck Schwalbe, Dir. USDA Otis Lab. and
Andrew Liebhold, Ph.D., Entomologist, Univ. of Mass.[ 5:58 ]H H
19:58Teresa: Exponential growth: multiply by a fixed amount.[ 0:19 ]
20:17STORY: (Cartoon) The price of a chess board? "A grain
of rice on the first square, double for the next, and so on."
[ 1:23 ]H H
21:40Teresa: Exponential growth will always surpass linear growth.[ 1:50 ]
23:30Crude oil production for 100 years. Use the logarithm to re-express exponential growth to linear growth.[ 1:10 ]
24:40Use residuals to "see" the problem.
[ 1:50 ]
26:30Teresa: Summary comments.
27:03END OF PROGRAM
Tape continues
PROGRAM 8: Describing Relationships
30:25Against All Odds logo.
30:57Teresa: Lesson Objectives:
1. Scatterplot,
2. Categorical Variety,
3. Regression Line.
32:25STORY: Manatees versus motor boats in Florida waterways. Tom OíShea, Wildlife Biologist.[ 2:33 ]H H H
34:58Teresa: Scatterplots of the number of manatee deaths and motor boat registrations.[ 2:57 ]
37:55Teresa: Cavities vs. fluoride levels.
Scatterplot with points identified by cities being either small or large.
[ 1:36 ]
39:311970 Draft lottery problem.
Median trace helps identify the
non-random pattern.[ 2:40 ]H H H
42:11Teresa: Least squares regression line illustrated with graphics.[ 1:53 ]H
44:04STORY: Obesity problems.
Resting metabolic rate versus lean body mass. C. Wayne Callaway, MD Endocrinologist
and Stanley Heshka, Ph.D. St. Lukeís Roosevelt Hospital.
[ 3:17 ]H
47:21Teresa: Mechanics for calculating the regression line.[ 3:28 ]
50:49STORY continued: Predicted values tend to be higher than actual metabolism rate. The dieting process lowers the metabolic rate.[ 2:55 ]
53:44Teresa: Cautions to consider in regression.
56:15END OF PROGRAM.
End of Tape
PROGRAM 9: Correlation
0:001-800-Learner.
1:06Against All Odds logo
1:36Teresa: Is there an the association between taste of chocolate cake and its price?
3:45Correlation illustrated with animated graphics.[ 1:14 ]H H
4:59Lesson Objectives:
1. Interpreting correlation,
2. Deriving r,
3. Correlation and regression.
5:42STORY: Identical twins raised apart.
The annual "twins" convention in Minneapolis. Thomas Bouchard & Nancy
Segal, Minn. Study of Twins Reared Apart, Prof. David Lykken, Univ. of Minn.[ 4:03
]H H H
9:45Teresa: Scatterplot for twins raised apart.[ 1:43 ]
11:28STORY continued: Explanation of associations.[ 1:30 ]
12:58Teresa: Mechanics for calculating r.
[ 2:47 ]H
15:45Illustration of r for a parabolic curve.
16:22STORY: Baseball players' salaries.
The lively baseball controversy. The association between home runs and strikeouts,
and between salaries and home runs. Daniel Seligman, Fortune Magazine.[ 3:28
]H H
18:22Calculation of r for Home Runs vs. Salary.[ 1:28 ]
19:50r-square, the percentage of variation of y explained by x.[ 1:03 ]
20:53STORY: Education in the 60's.
A social science study in the '60s, the Coleman Report, compared black and white
schools. What variables were related, and how strong were the relationships? Harold
Howe, Commission of Education, ë66-í68 and Fred Mosteller, Harvard Statistician.
[ 2:30 ]H
23:23Teresa: simplified example of the study.
24:29STORY continued: Interpretation by the experts involved in
the study.
[ 3:18 ]H
26:48Teresa: Closing Comments.
27:27END OF PROGRAM.
Tape continues
PROGRAM 10: Multi-dimensional Data
Analysis (add 1:10)
30:30Against All Odds logo
31:02Teresa: Chesapeake Bay.
Lesson Objectives:
1. Review.
2. Multi-dimensional data.
3. Human/Computer Interaction.
32:28STORY: Chesapeake Bay pollution.
How healthy is the Chesapeake Bay? Measurements of organisms are made on samples
of bottom of mud, and of dissolved oxygen levels in the water.
A. Fred Holland, Ph.D. & Anna Shaughessy, Biologists, and Hal Wilson, Statistician,
Versar, Inc., Michael Hirshfield, Maryland Dept. of Natural Resources.[ 9:52 ]H H
42:40Measuring the effect of a paint factory.
45:07Teresa: Some multi-dimensional plots: Chernof faces
are used for determining if dollar bills are counterfeit. "Trees"
and "stars" are used to display data.
[ 2:35 ]
47:42STORY: Bell Core graphics.
Computer and graphical techniques used by Bell Core: Speech synthesis, three dimension
plots and higher, brushing techniques. Paul Tukey, Bell Core.
[ 8:22 ]H H
56:04Teresa: Closing Comments.
56:48END OF PROGRAM.
End of Tape
PROGRAM 11: The Question of Causation
0:001-800-Learner, etc.
1:05Against All Odds logo
1:36Teresa:
Lesson Objectives
1. Analyzing Association.
2. Simpson's Paradox.
3. Causation.
3:01STORY: (Cartoon) Causation, Common response,
and coincidence examples.
[ 1:57 ]H H H H
4:55Teresa: Lurking variables.
[ 0:47 ]
5:42STORY: Example of Simpson's Paradox. "City University" seems to have sex discrimination for admissions to its two professional schools.
6:52Teresa: Data for the City University problem.
8:11City University's Business School compared to its Law School.
10:08Teresa: Interpretation of the Simpson Paradox.[ 4:26 ]H H H H
11:50Teresa: An intentionally unrealistic experiment with new born
babies used to test effect of smoking on cancer.
[ 0:57 ]H H
12:47STORY: The Wynder-Graham study.
This classic work first suggested that smoking causes cancer.
How can causation be established?
Richard Overholt, MD, Ernest Wynder, MD, Dwight Harken, MD, Irwin Miller, Statistician,
Lawrence Garfinkel, Dietrich Hoffman, MD, all of the American Health Foundation;
Prof Allan Brandt, Harvard, and Donald Shopland, 1964 Surgeon Generalís Report.
(Excellent but lengthy.)
[ 13:22 ]H H H
26:09Teresa: Comments on causation.
27:00END OF PROGRAM.
Tape continues
PROGRAM 12: Experimental Design (+0:33)
30:30Against All Odds logo
31:02Teresa: Lesson Objectives:
1. Experiment,
2. Confounding,
3. Randomized Comparative Exper.
32:46STORY: Observational study of the behavior of lobsters. Diane Cowan & Jelle Atena, Boston Univ. Marine Program.[ 2:41 ]H
35:27Teresa: Explanation of an experiment.
[ 0:47 ]
36:14STORY: The Physicians Health Study.
Could taking aspirin reduce the occurrences of heart attacks? A controlled double
blind experiment using a treatment and a placebo. Ethical concerns
are discussed.
Bernard Katz, MD, Charles Hennekens, MD, Dir. of Physicians Health Study.
40:10Teresa: Subjects were randomly placed in two groups to avoid confounding.
41:31STORY continued: A 47% reduction in heart attacks resulted for those receiving aspirin.[ 7:06 ]H H H H
43:20Teresa: Two groups must be equivalent in order to avoid bias.[ 0:19 ]
43:39STORY: Is Ribavirin to good to be true?
A study for patients having a pre-AIDS condition yielded bias results because the
healthiest patients received the drug; while the sickest, the placebo.
[ 1:01 ]H H H
44:40Teresa: The study failed to randomly assign subjects to the
two groups.
[ 0:35 ]
45:15Teresa: Illustration of how to randomize.
[ 2:07 ]H
47:22STORY: Disposion of domestic violence.
A Milwaukee, Wisconsin police department experiment to determine the best method
to handle domestic violence cases. Larry Sherman, Ph.D.
[ 6:00 ]H
53:22STORY: A fictional experiment to illustrate bad experimental
practices.
[ 2:19 ]H H H H
55:41Teresa: Recap of good experimental practices.
56:44END OF PROGRAM.
End of Tape
PROGRAM 13: Blocking and Sampling
0:001-800-Learner.
1:07Against All Odds logo.
1:39Teresa: Dirty laundry is blocked (cotton, synthetics) and treated
(warm or cold water). Lesson Objectives:
1. Blocking
2. Sampling
3. Census
4:45STORY: The perfect strawberry. Horticulturists use a randomized
complete block design to determine the best berry for market.
Olivia Mageau, Horticulturist, & Gene Galletta, Ph.D., Geneticist.
8:43Teresa: Reasons for blocking.
9:57STORY continued: The evaluation of the berry data.[ 6:53 ]H
11:38Teresa: Reasons for multi-factor experiments.[ 1:50 ]
13:28STORY: Undercounting in the national census. This illustrates the difficulties of getting an exact count. Barbara Bailer, Statistician, & Peter Bounpane, US Census Bureau.[ 5:08 ]H H H
18:36Teresa: Why a sample instead of a census?
19:45Shere Hite's Women and Love. 1987.
An example extremely biased sampling due to voluntary response.
[ 2:12 ]
20:48STORY: Frito Lay potato chips.
Sampling is used at many steps in the production of potato chips to insure a high
quality product.[ 5:49 ]H H H H
26:37Teresa: Closing Comments.
27:08END OF PROGRAM.
Tape continues
PROGRAM 14: Samples and Surveys
30:45Against All Odds logo
31:15Teresa:
Lesson Objectives:
1. Stratified Random Sample,
2. Getting It Right,
3. Sampling Distribution.
32:03Teresa: A stratified national sample.
Graphics nicely illustrate the process.
[ 2:38 ]
34:41STORY: A fish story.
A survey of fishermen and the types of fish caught is used to determine if some species
are endangered. John Witzig, Natíl Marine Fisheries Service.
[ 3:29 ]H
38:10Teresa: Problems in surveying people.
The Literary Digest and the George Gallup predicted the 1936 presidential
election results. Why was George closer?[ 1:26 ]H
39:36STORY: Examples of bad interviewer techniques.[ 1:45 ]H H H
41:21STORY: National Opinion Research Center (NORC) sampling procedures.
Statistically sound sample selection, careful question design, and
skillful interviewing are illustrated effectively.
James Davis and Tom Smith, Dirs, General Social Survey, and Leigh Brandon, NORC.
(A must see segment. )
[ 9:09 ]H H H H
50:30Teresa: Sampling distributions illustrated using beads in
a bowl. Large n implies more precision in estimation.
(Nicely done.)[ 5:57 ]H H H
56:27Teresa: Closing Comments.
56:51END OF PROGRAM
End of Tape
PROGRAM 15: What is Probability
0:001-800-LEARNER
1:06Against All Odds logo.
1:40Teresa:
Lesson Objective:
1. Relative Frequency,
2. Randomness,
3. Sample Space,
4. Probability Rules.
4:32STORY: Assessing probabilities of injury or death in everyday
life.
What are the chances of dying in an automobile accident at some point in your life?
Baruch Fischhoff, Carnegie Mellon.[ 4:54 ]H
9:26Teresa: Relative frequency of heads in many flips of a coin.[ 1:24 ]
10:50STORY: Percy Diaconis, magician & professor, discusses the concepts of randomness.[ 3:50 ]H
14:40Teresa: Demonstration of sample spaces and the basic rules
of probability.
[ 3:09 ]
17:49STORY: Traffic control in New York City. A probability based
traffic simulation model is used to avoid "stillback" and "gridlock"
at key intersections.
Mark Yedlin. [ 6:00 ]H
H
23:49Teresa: Simplified example of traffic control used to illustrate basic rules of probability.[ 3:23 ]
27:12END OF PROGRAM.
Tape continues
PROGRAM 16: Random Variables
31:38Against All Odds logo
32:10Teresa:
Lesson Objective:
1. Multiplication Rule,
2. Random Variables,
3. Mean and standard deviation of
random variables.
33:36STORY: In the movie Stand and Deliver,
several students are accused of cheating for giving the same wrong answer on an AP
Calculus exam. The events were not independent.[ 0:57 ]H
34:33STORY: Space Shuttle Challenger.
Defects in NASA reliability program contributed the catastrophic failure.
Note: P(one joint fails) = .023).
37:53Teresa: Using the multiplication rule for finding the joint probability of all 6 field joints not failing.
39:15STORY continued: The backup o-ring for each field joint did
not behavior independently of the primary. Cold weather contributed to failure.
(The short version in PROGRAM 1 may be more effective).[ 8:29 ]H H H H
43:02Teresa: Addition rules for disjoint events and independent events. The two types of random variables discrete and continuous. Points in a profession basketball game.[ 6:08 ]
49:10STORY: Earthquakes in California. Estimating the probability of occurrence along the San Andreas fault. Lucille Jones and Kerry Sieh, US Geological Survey[ 5:35 ]H
54:45Teresa: Distribution of the number of ice cubes used per drink and the mechanics of calculating the mean and standard deviation.[ 2:49 ]
57:34END OF PROGRAM.
End of Tape
PROGRAM 17: Binomial Distributions
0:001-800-Learner
1:03Against All Odds logo
1:33Teresa: Insurance company concerns.
Lesson Objective:
1.Law of Large Numbers
2.Rules for means and variances of
random variables.
3.Binomial distribution
4.Binomial means and standard dev.
2:22Teresa: Law of Large Numbers.
3:46STORY: Boston Celtics Basketball.
The myth of "small numbers" illustrated with "streak shooting".
Tom Gilovich, Cornell Univ, did research that showed that even free throw shots are
independent events in game situations.
[ 2:52 ]H H H
6:38Teresa: Stocks and T-bills.
Expected rate of returns are used to illustrate the rules for the means of random
variables.[ 3:07 ]
9:45STORY: A finance class experiment.
A class at Cretan College learns the reasons for maintaining diversification of investments.[
4:53 ]H H
14:38Teresa: Variance implies risk. Rules for variances
of random variables.
[ 1:43 ]
16:23Teresa: Binomial distribution.
[ 0:59 ]
17:22STORY: Sickle cell anemia.
Example of dichotomous outcomes each having a fixed probability of occurring.
Dr. Orah Platt, Boston's Children Hospital, and Dr. Marilyn Gaston, Nat'l Institute
of Health.[ 4:40 ]H
22:02Teresa: Calculating probabilities of X children having sickle cell anemia in a group of n = 6.[ 2:23 ]
24:25STORY: Quincunx.
Balls falling through rows of pegs illustrate that the binomial can look like a normal
distribution.
[ 1:19 ]H H
25:44Teresa illustrates conditions when the normal approximations
work.
[ 1:19 ]
27:03END OF PROGRAM.
Tape continues
PROGRAM 18: The Sample Mean and
Control Charts
32:13Against All Odds logo
32:44Teresa: Gambling.
Lesson Objective:
1. Sample means,
2. Central limit theorem,
3. Control charts.
33:55Teresa: Roulette.
Finding the mean winnings when betting on "red" many times.[ 1:09 ]
35:04STORY: Interviews with gamblers.
How and why casinos keep players coming back. Steven Norton & John Belisle, Resorts
International.
[ 5:40 ]H H
40:44Teresa: Central limit theorem.
Illustrated from the gamblers point of view with 50 $1 bets; then from the casino's
side with 1000 and 100,000 $1 bets.[ 6:19 ]H H H H
47:03STORY: Frito Lays Potato Chips.
How and why Statistical Process Control is used in the production of chips.
Anthony Gallonio and Don Strickert, Quality Assurance.
[ 3:09 ]H H H
50:12Teresa: Control charts.
Construction and used of control charts for the salt content of potato chips.
52:39Decision rules for control charts.
[ 3:29 ]
53:41STORY: Dr. W. Edwards Deming.
How Japan reversed its economy by using Dr. Deming's ideas of quality.
What American management MUST do to survive. Prof. Robert Hayes, Harvard Business
School, and Frank Fagan, SQC Analyst. (A must see segment.)
[ 3:55 ]H H H H
57:36Teresa: Closing comments.
58:05END OF PROGRAM.
End of Tape
PROGRAM 19: Confidence Intervals
0:001-800-Learner
1:05Against All Odds logo.
1:37Teresa:
Lesson Objectives:
1. Confidence Intervals,
2. Trade-off,
3. Sample Size.
3:11STORY: Political Polls.
Polls were used extensively in the 1988 Presidential election polls. What
are polls, and why do their results vary? What is the margin of error?
Daniel Yankelovich, Public opinion analyst, and Waren Mitofsky, CBS News Election
Unit.[ 3:26 ]H
H
6:37Teresa: Systolic blood pressure used to construct a confidence
interval.
What assumptions are made? Mechanics of finding the margin of error. Meaning
of being "95% confident".
[ 4:58 ]
11:35STORY: Duracell batteries.
A demonstration of how the lives of batteries are actually measured. Richard Cataldi
and Larry Morgan, Ultra Technologies.[ 2:38 ]H H
14:13Teresa: How the normal table is used to find any degree of
confidence. What effect does the sample size have on the width of the confidence
interval?
[ 4:12 ]
18:25STORY: The use of Rhesus monkeys in medical studies. Sample sizes should be conservative in order to not waste large numbers of animals. Prof. Melinda Novak, U. Mass, and Andrew Petto, New England Primate Research Center.[ 2:56 ]H
21:21The feeding behavior of marmosets.
[ 2:46 ]
24:07Teresa: Mechanics of calculating the sample size needed given
a desired width and amount of confidence. Warnings regarding the use of C. I.'s.
[ 3:03 ]
27:10END OF PROGRAM
Tape continues
PROGRAM 20: Significance Tests
31:09Against All Odds logo.
31:39Teresa: Are Seat belts effective?
Lesson Objective:
1. Significance tests,
2. P-value,
3. Statistically significant.
Null and Alternative hypotheses.
34:18STORY: Shakespearean Poetry.
Testing a hypothesis to determine if a newly found poem was actually written by William
Shakespeare. Ron Thisted, Univ of Chicago.[ 6:42 ]H H
41:00Teresa: Mechanics of a hypothesis test.
The calculation and interpretation of the p-value for the Z-distribution.
[ 8:06 ]
49:06STORY: Discrimination within the FBI.
Minority agents were not given an opportunity for advancement. A comparison of the
points of view of the statistical experts from both sides of the suit is given. Matt
Perez, FBI, Gary Lafree, Univ of New Mexico, and Rebecca Klemm, Klemm Analysis Group.[
6:54 ]H H H
56:00Teresa: Closing comments.
Data must be meaningful to achieve meaningful results.
57:26END OF PROGRAM
End of Tape
PROGRAM 21: Inference for One Mean
0:001-800-Learner, etc.
1:04Against All Odds Logo.
1:36Teresa: Over specialized gadgets.
Lesson Objectives:
1. t-Procedures,
2. t-Distributions,
3. Paired Comparisons.
2:40Facing the fact that s is usually
never known, z statistics are usually just "over specialized" gadgets.
3:03The t-distributions.
1908, the Guinness Brewery and
William Gossett.[1:15]
4:18Comparing the t distributions to the standard normal. [1:37]
5:55STORY: The National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Stanley Rasberry and Susannah Schiller, NIST. Customers of NIST purchase materials
that they use as "standard" reference materials. NIST certifies that bottles
contain what the label says. NIST uses stratified samples of bottles to construct
confidence interval estimates for the properties of the materials.
[4:38]H H
10:33Teresa: Construction of a Confidence Interval for the mean level of PCB concentrations based on a sample of 10 bottles. [2:17]
12:50Teresa: Paired Comparisons. [0:40]
13:30STORY: NutraSweet.
Taste tests are used to test shelf life of a new cola that contains this artificial
sweetener.. Product testing is a constant on-going process.
Thomas Carr, Research Statistician, Suzanne Pecore, Sensory Evaluation Barry Howler,
Application Technology.
[4:49]H H H
18:19Teresa: A paired comparison test of the sweetness of the cola.[2:01]
20:20Benefits of t-tests. [0:48]
21:08STORY: Autism.
The Vineland test for social development. Dr. Fred Volkmar,
Yale Child Study Center. [4:10]H
25:18Teresa: Confidence Interval for Age Equivalent Scores based
on
t-distribution. [1:50]
27:08END OF PROGRAM
Tape continues
PROGRAM 22: Comparing Two Means
31:40Against All Odds logo.
32:12Teresa: Lesson Objectives:
1. Two-sample problems,
2. C.I. for Two Means,
3. Significance Test for two means.
33:32STORY: Welfare in Baltimore.
Can women participating in a special training program, called OPTIONS, earn more
money than women in the existing welfare jobs program called WIN?
The result played a role in a congressional overhaul of welfare. Daniel Friedlander,
M.D.R.C.
[5:42]H H
39:14Teresa: The mechanics of two independent sample tests and
confidence interval.
[5:51]
45:05STORY: Union Carbide product testing.
Is there a difference in the bounce of a new environmentally safe foam and a std
foam? Union Carbide tested the new product, Ultra-cell, several ways:
support test, combustion test, stretch test, fatigue test, & "bounce"
test.
Stanley-Hager, Research Scientist and Charles Hendrix, Statistician.
[3:45]H H H
48:50Teresa: The mechanics of the two independent sample t-test.
[2:10]
51:00STORY: SAT Exams.
Can "coaching classes" improve one's performance on the SAT?
Donald Powers, E.T.S. and
John Katzman, The Princeton Review
[4:40]
55:40Teresa: The mechanics of the finding a CI for the difference
between the means of the coached group and the non-coached group. The 95% CI is (
-15, +91 ).
[2:23]H H H
58:03END OF PROGRAM
End of Tape
PROGRAM 23: Inference For Proportions
0:001-800-Learner, etc.
1:07Against All Odds Logo
1:38Teresa: Lesson Objectives:
1. Inference on proportions,
2. CI and Significant Tests,
3. Two proportions.
3:03STORY: Measuring Unemployment Nationwide. The Bureau
of Labor Statistics takes samples of individual households to get data on national
unemployment. Sub group estimates are also of interest, but are available at a loss
precision.
Janet Norwood, Director of Bureau of Labor Statistics, Sen. William Proxmive, Joint
Economic Committee, and Lawrence Cahoon, Census Bureau.
[4:58]H
8:01Teresa: Mechanics of constructing a CI for a proportion, and
a test of significance.
[3:57]
11:58STORY: Safety of City Water.
Did water from contaminated wells in one side of Woubourn, Mass. lead to a higher
incidence of health problems that in other parts of the city?
Marvin Zelen, Harvard School of
Public Health.[4:52]H
H H
16:50Teresa: Mechanics of CI for the difference of proportions for two independent samples. [3:25]
20:15STORY: The Salem Witch Trials.
The accused witches and their accusers lived in different parts of Salem.
Was there political persecution?
George Cobb, Mount Holyoke College.
[3:39]
23:54Teresa: Mechanics of a significant test for proportions of
two independent samples.
[3:23]
27:17END OF PROGRAM
Tape continues
PROGRAM 24:Inference for Two-Way
Tables
31:20Against All Odds logo.
31:51Teresa: Feline Illness.
Lesson Objectives:
1. Two-Way Tables,
2. Relationships between
categorical variables,
3. Chi square test.
34:11STORY: Ancient Man.
Are two categories of prehistoric creatures, Africanus and Robustus, different? Measurements
made from discovered skulls regarding dental "scratches & pits" indicates
differences. Dr. Fred Grine, Anthropologist,
SUNY-Stony Brook. [4:28]H H
38:39Teresa: Mechanics for the Chi Square tests.[4:51]
43:30STORY: Breast Cancer.
Is there a relationship between the patientís age category and the type of
treatment given? Vincent Mor, Brown University, and Alan Weitberg, Roger William's
Cancer Center. [4:23]H
H
47:53Teresa: Calculating a P-value for the
Chi Square distribution.
[4:09]
52:02STORY: Mendal's Peas.
Were the results too good to be true?
R. A. Fisher said, "Yes"; Prof. Robert Bernstein, scientific historian,
says no. The problem was due to "how to classify" borderline items.
[4:51]H H
56:53Teresa: Closing Comments.
57:18END OF PROGRAM.
End of Tape
PROGRAM 25: Inference for Relationships
0:001-800-Learner, etc.
1:03Against All Odds logo.
1:38Teresa: The Big Bang.
Lesson Objectives:
1. Inference from linear regression,
2. Simple Linear Regression Model,
3. CI and significant tests.
3:32STORY: Of astronomical Interest: Are galaxies speeding away
from earth? Edwin Hubble's early 20th century
work used linear regression, with
speed vs. distance, to help establish the "Big Bang" theory. The Hubble
constant is the slope.
Robert Kirshner, Harvard/Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.
[4:33]H H H H
8:05Teresa: Regression calculations using Hubbleís original
data on 24 galaxies.
[6:03]
14:08STORY: Complications in the Hubble Constant. John Huchra,
Astronomer at Harvard, discovered that galaxies were not randomly distributed throughout
the universe. Rotating 3-D plot illustrates the "Swiss cheese concept"
of universe.
[2:42]H H
16:50Teresa: Confidence Interval and significant tests using the
original Hubble data.
[3:13]
20:03STORY: Data from ultra-sound waves pictures of a fetus are
used to determine if birth defects may be present. Prediction intervals are used
to spot unusual physical measurement.
[3:10]H H
23:13Teresa: Calculation of confidence bands and prediction intervals for a regression line. [3:47]
27:00END OF PROGRAM
Tape continues
PROGRAM 26: Case Study
33:49Against All Odds logo.
34:22Teresa: A Drug to treat AIDS.
Lesson Objectives:
See how statistics were applied
to a "real problem".
35:49STORY: How the drug, AZT, was tested and got to market.
36:571985, Phase 1: Observation Study
Samuel Broder, Director, National Cancer Institute; David Barry,
MD, Burroughs Wellcome Drug Co.; and Robert Schooley, Mass. General Hosp.
[2:25]
39:22Spring, 1986 Phase 2: A randomized controlled double
blind experiment. Summer 1986. The Data Safety Monitoring Board convenes.
Gail Rogers, Statistician, and Sandra Lehrman, MD, Burroughs Wellcome. Also Robert
Machete, Statistician,
Data Safety Monitoring Board.
[4:11]
43:33Sept. 10, 1986 Emergency Meeting.
"Is there a statistically significant difference between AZT and placebo?
[4:20]
47:53Sept. 11-19, 1986.
Confirming the data analysis.
Robert O' Neill, Statistician, FDA
[3:37]
51:30Fall 1986. Getting AZT to patients. Statistical process
control in manufacturing. A. R. Peters, QC., Burroughs Wellcome Co.
[1:37]
53:07A patient's perspective.
[4:55]H H H
58:02Teresa: Final Comments.
Safety and efficiency of a new drug.
60:00END OF PROGRAM. [1:58]
End of Tape
End of series.
The volume of work in this video series is awesome and the quality is outstanding. Our profession would be well served if all college students watched these programs. As professors teaching Statistics classes, we can use excerpts from these tapes in class to introduce students to situations in society where Statistics plays a key roll.
Who decided that aspirin can reduce the number of heart attacks?
How?
Does it work for anybody?
Have Deming speak
to your class.
"It's so simple, . . . ."
Do cycles exist in
the stock market?
See two experts go
head to head.
Can your really trust
a NORC survey?
Can you trust just
any ol' survey?
How can sampling result in better tasting potato chips?
Free throws. Does making the first improve your chances of making the second?
The Boston Celtics know
the answer.
What factors contributed to the space shuttle Challenger disaster?
Inquiring minds want to know!
Show them!!
It is all in the video series,
Against All Odds.
Show short segments
in your classes.
Introduce your students
to "real world" problems.
You don't have the tapes?
Call 1 - 800 - LEARNER